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Tutur33
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130 lines
11 KiB
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<h1 id="topic_header_text">Programmation Orientée Objet (POO)</h1>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts55">Python est un langage de programmation </span><span class="rvts69">orienté objet</span><span class="rvts55"> (comme les langages C++, Java, PHP, Ruby...).</span><br/><span class="rvts55">Une variable est en fait un </span><span class="rvts69">objet</span><span class="rvts55"> d'une certaine </span><span class="rvts69">classe</span><span class="rvts55">.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts21">Tous les types du langage python sont également des objets.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts55">Par exemple, la variable </span><span class="rvts68">amis</span><span class="rvts55"> est un objet de la classe </span><span class="rvts68">list</span><span class="rvts55">.</span><br/><span class="rvts55">On dit aussi que la variable </span><span class="rvts68">amis</span><span class="rvts55"> est une </span><span class="rvts69">instance</span><span class="rvts55"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts68">list</span><span class="rvts55">.</span><br/><span class="rvts55">L'</span><span class="rvts69">instanciation</span><span class="rvts55"> (action d'instancier) est la création d'un objet à partir d'une classe.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts40"># instanciation de l'objet amis de la classe list</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> amis = [</span><span class="rvts53">'Nicolas'</span><span class="rvts39">, </span><span class="rvts53">'Julie'</span><span class="rvts39">] </span><span class="rvts40"># ou bien : amis = list(['Nicolas', 'Julie'])</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(</span><span class="rvts41">type</span><span class="rvts39">(amis)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts42"><br/></span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts55">Une classe possède des fonctions que l'on appelle </span><span class="rvts69">méthodes</span><span class="rvts55"> et des données que l'on appelle </span><span class="rvts69">attributs</span><span class="rvts55">.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts55">La méthode </span><span class="rvts56">append()</span><span class="rvts55"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts56">list</span><span class="rvts33"> </span><span class="rvts55">ajoute un nouvel élément en fin de liste :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts40"># instanciation d'une liste vide</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> amis = [] </span><span class="rvts40"># ou bien : amis = list()</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts53">'Nicolas'</span><span class="rvts39">) </span><span class="rvts40"># synthase générale : objet.méthode(arguments)</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts42"></span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts53">'Julie'</span><span class="rvts39">) </span><span class="rvts40"># ou bien : amis = amis + ['Julie']</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts42"></span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts53">'Pauline'</span><span class="rvts39">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> amis.sort() </span><span class="rvts40"># la méthode sort() trie les éléments</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> amis.reverse() </span><span class="rvts40"># la méthode reverse() inverse la liste des éléments</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts55">La méthode </span><span class="rvts56">lower()</span><span class="rvts55"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts56">str</span><span class="rvts55"> retourne la chaîne de caractères en casse minuscule :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts40"># la variable chaine est une instance de la classe str</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts53">"BONJOUR"</span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts40"># ou bien : chaine = str("BONJOUR")</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> chaine2 = chaine.lower() </span><span class="rvts40"># on applique la méthode lower() à l'objet chaine</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(chaine2) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts42"></span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts55">La méthode </span><span class="rvts56">pop()</span><span class="rvts55"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts56">dict</span><span class="rvts55"> supprime une clé :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts40"># instanciation de l'objet moyennes de la classe dict</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> moyennes = {</span><span class="rvts53">'sport'</span><span class="rvts39">: 11.0, </span><span class="rvts53">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts39">: 14.3, </span><span class="rvts53">'math'</span><span class="rvts39">: 12.5}</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts40"># ou : moyennes = dict({'sport': 11.0, 'anglais': 14.3, 'math': 12.5})</span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> moyennes.pop(</span><span class="rvts53">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts39">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts42"></span><br/><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(moyennes) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(moyennes.keys()) </span><span class="rvts40"># la méthode keys() retourne la liste des clés </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">>>></span><span class="rvts39"> </span><span class="rvts41">print</span><span class="rvts39">(moyennes.values()) </span><span class="rvts40"># la méthode values() retourne la liste des valeurs </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
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