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Tutur33
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<h1 id="topic_header_text">Programmation Orientée Objet (POO)</h1>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Python est un langage de programmation </span><span class="rvts62">orienté objet</span><span class="rvts54"> (comme les langages C++, Java, PHP, Ruby...).</span><br/><span class="rvts54">Une variable est en fait un </span><span class="rvts62">objet</span><span class="rvts54"> d'une certaine </span><span class="rvts62">classe</span><span class="rvts54">.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts21">Tous les types du langage python sont également des objets.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Par exemple, la variable </span><span class="rvts61">amis</span><span class="rvts54"> est un objet de la classe </span><span class="rvts61">list</span><span class="rvts54">.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">On dit aussi que la variable </span><span class="rvts61">amis</span><span class="rvts54"> est une </span><span class="rvts62">instance</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts61">list</span><span class="rvts54">.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">L'</span><span class="rvts62">instanciation</span><span class="rvts54"> (action d'instancier) est la création d'un objet à partir d'une classe.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># instanciation de l'objet amis de la classe list</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis = [</span><span class="rvts52">'Nicolas'</span><span class="rvts38">, </span><span class="rvts52">'Julie'</span><span class="rvts38">] </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : amis = list(['Nicolas', 'Julie'])</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(amis)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Une classe possède des fonctions que l'on appelle </span><span class="rvts62">méthodes</span><span class="rvts54"> et des données que l'on appelle </span><span class="rvts62">attributs</span><span class="rvts54">.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La méthode </span><span class="rvts55">append()</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts55">list</span><span class="rvts33"> </span><span class="rvts54">ajoute un nouvel élément en fin de liste :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># instanciation d'une liste vide</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis = [] </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : amis = list()</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts52">'Nicolas'</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><span class="rvts39"># synthase générale : objet.méthode(arguments)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts52">'Julie'</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : amis = amis + ['Julie']</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts52">'Pauline'</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.sort() </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode sort() trie les éléments</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.reverse() </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode reverse() inverse la liste des éléments</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La méthode </span><span class="rvts55">lower()</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts55">str</span><span class="rvts54"> retourne la chaîne de caractères en casse minuscule :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># la variable chaine est une instance de la classe str</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">"BONJOUR"</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : chaine = str("BONJOUR")</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine2 = chaine.lower() </span><span class="rvts39"># on applique la méthode lower() à l'objet chaine</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine2) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La méthode </span><span class="rvts55">pop()</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts55">dict</span><span class="rvts54"> supprime une clé :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># instanciation de l'objet moyennes de la classe dict</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> moyennes = {</span><span class="rvts52">'sport'</span><span class="rvts38">: 11.0, </span><span class="rvts52">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts38">: 14.3, </span><span class="rvts52">'math'</span><span class="rvts38">: 12.5}</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ou : moyennes = dict({'sport': 11.0, 'anglais': 14.3, 'math': 12.5})</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> moyennes.pop(</span><span class="rvts52">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes.keys()) </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode keys() retourne la liste des clés </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes.values()) </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode values() retourne la liste des valeurs </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
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