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<html>
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<title>Annexe: la compréhension de listes</title>
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<h1 id="topic_header_text">Annexe: la compréhension de listes</h1>
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<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ››
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">La </span><span class="rvts43">compréhension de listes</span><span class="rvts11"> est une structure syntaxique disponible dans un certain nombre de langages de programmation, dont Python.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">C'est une manière de créer efficacement des listes.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Revenons sur l'exemple vu dans le script </span><span class="rvts17">Fonction5.py</span><span class="rvts11"> :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">resultat = [random.randint(1,6) </span><span class="rvts46">for </span><span class="rvts38">i </span><span class="rvts46">in </span><span class="rvts89">range</span><span class="rvts38">(10)]</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(resultat)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Autre exemple : liste de carrés</span></span></h4>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">carres = [i*i </span><span class="rvts46">for </span><span class="rvts38">i </span><span class="rvts46">in </span><span class="rvts89">range</span><span class="rvts38">(11)]</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(carres)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">La compréhension de listes évite donc d'écrire le code "classique" suivant :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">carres = []</span><br/><span class="rvts46">for </span><span class="rvts38">i </span><span class="rvts46">in </span><span class="rvts89">range</span><span class="rvts38">(11):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> carres.append(i*i)</span></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creez-des-fichiers-daide-pour-le-framework-qt-help">Créer des fichiers d'aide pour la plateforme Qt Help</a></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Nous avons vu les types les plus courants.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">Il en existe bien d'autres :</span></p>
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<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: square;">
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<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts54">complex (nombres complexes, par exemple 1+2.5j)</span></li>
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<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts54">tuple (structure de données)</span></li>
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<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts54">set (structure de données)</span></li>
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<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts54">file (fichiers)</span></li>
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<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts54">...</span></li>
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</ul>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer des livres électroniques EPub facilement</a></p>
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<title>Exemple n°1</title>
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<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ›› <a href="Linstructiondef.html">L'instruction def</a> ››
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Fonction1.py</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">mapremierefonction</span><span class="rvts38">(): </span><span class="rvts39"># cette fonction n'a pas de paramètre</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Cette fonction affiche 'Bonjour' """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Bonjour")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># cette fonction ne retourne rien ('None')</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># l'instruction return est ici facultative</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Une fois la fonction définie, nous pouvons l'appeler :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> mapremierefonction() </span><span class="rvts39"># ne pas oublier les parenthèses ()</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">L'accès à la documentation se fait avec la fonction pré-définie </span><span class="rvts17">help()</span><span class="rvts11"> :</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">help</span><span class="rvts38">(mapremierefonction) </span><span class="rvts39"># affichage de la documentation</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/generation-de-site-web-iphone">Sites web iPhone faciles</a></p>
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<h1 id="topic_header_text">Exemple n°2</h1>
|
||||
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||||
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<div id="topic_breadcrumb">
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<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ›› <a href="Linstructiondef.html">L'instruction def</a> ››
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">La fonction suivante simule le comportement d'un dé à 6 faces.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Pour cela, on utilise la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">randint()</span><span class="rvts11"> du module </span><a class="rvts87" href="http://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html?highlight=random#random">random</a><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Fonction2.py</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">tirage_de</span><span class="rvts38">():</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Retourne un nombre entier aléatoire entre 1 et 6 """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> random</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> valeur = random.randint(1, 6)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span><span class="rvts38"> valeur</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts40"> print</span><span class="rvts38">(tirage_de())</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts40"> print</span><span class="rvts38">(tirage_de())</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> resultat = tirage_de()</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts40"> print</span><span class="rvts38">(resultat)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
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||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Éditeur de documentation CHM facile</a></p>
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||||
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||||
<html>
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||||
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||||
<head>
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||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
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<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ›› <a href="Linstructiondef.html">L'instruction def</a> ››
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||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Fonction3.py</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># définition des fonctions</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">info</span><span class="rvts38">():</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Informations """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Touche q pour quitter")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Touche Enter pour continuer")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">tirage_de</span><span class="rvts38">():</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Retourne un nombre entier aléatoire entre 1 et 6 """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> random</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> valeur = random.randint(1, 6)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span><span class="rvts38"> valeur</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># début du programme</span><br/><span class="rvts38">info()</span><br/><span class="rvts46">while</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">True</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> choix = </span><span class="rvts40">input</span><span class="rvts38">()</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> choix == </span><span class="rvts52">'q'</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">break</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">"Tirage :"</span><span class="rvts38">, tirage_de())</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> et tester</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentation d'aide HTML gratuit</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
</body>
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|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Exemple n°4</title>
|
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||||
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
<div id="topic_header_content">
|
||||
<h1 id="topic_header_text">Exemple n°4</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_breadcrumb">
|
||||
<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ›› <a href="Linstructiondef.html">L'instruction def</a> ››
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_content">
|
||||
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Une fonction avec deux paramètres :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Fonction4.py</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># définition de fonction</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">tirage_de2</span><span class="rvts38">(valeur_min, valeur_max):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Retourne un nombre entier aléatoire entre valeur_min et valeur_max """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> random</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span><span class="rvts38"> random.randint(valeur_min, valeur_max)</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># début du programme</span><br/><span class="rvts46">for</span><span class="rvts38"> i </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">range</span><span class="rvts38">(5):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(tirage_de2(1, 10)) </span><span class="rvts39"># appel de la fonction avec les arguments 1 et 10</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creez-des-fichiers-daide-pour-le-framework-qt-help">Créer des fichiers d'aide pour la plateforme Qt Help</a></p>
|
||||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
</body>
|
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|
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</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Exemple n°5</title>
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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<h1 id="topic_header_text">Exemple n°5</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_breadcrumb">
|
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<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ›› <a href="Linstructiondef.html">L'instruction def</a> ››
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Une fonction qui retourne une liste :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Fonction5.py</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># définition de fonction</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">tirage_multiple_de</span><span class="rvts38">(nombretirage):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Retourne une liste de nombres entiers aléatoires entre 1 et 6 """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> random</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> resultat = [random.randint(1, 6) </span><span class="rvts46">for</span><span class="rvts38"> i </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">range</span><span class="rvts38">(nombretirage)] </span><span class="rvts39"># compréhension de listes (Cf. annexe)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span><span class="rvts38"> resultat</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># début du programme</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(tirage_multiple_de(10))</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">help</span><span class="rvts38">(tirage_multiple_de)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/creer-des-livres-numeriques-epub">Produire des livres électroniques facilement</a></p>
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<h1 id="topic_header_text">Exemple n°6</h1>
|
||||
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||||
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|
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<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ›› <a href="Linstructiondef.html">L'instruction def</a> ››
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Une fonction qui affiche la parité d'un nombre entier.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Il peut y avoir plusieurs instructions </span><span class="rvts17">return </span><span class="rvts11">dans une fonction.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">L'instruction </span><span class="rvts17">return</span><span class="rvts11"> provoque le retour immédiat de la fonction.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Fonction6.py</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># définition de fonction</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">parite</span><span class="rvts38">(nombre):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Affiche la parité d'un nombre entier """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> nombre%2 == 1: </span><span class="rvts39"># L'opérateur % donne le reste d'une division</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(nombre, </span><span class="rvts52">'est impair'</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> nombre%2 == 0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(nombre, </span><span class="rvts52">'est pair'</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> parite(13)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> parite(24)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer des documents d'aide HTML facilement</a></p>
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<html>
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||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">☆ Afficher la taille en octets et en bits d'un fichier de 536 kio.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">On donne : 1 kio (1 kibioctet) = 2</span><span class="rvts65">10</span><span class="rvts11"> octets</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">1 octet = 1 byte = 8 bits</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement13.png"></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
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||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/generation-de-site-web-iphone">Sites web iPhone faciles</a></p>
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|
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||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">★ Afficher la valeur numérique de √(4,6</span><span class="rvts65">3</span><span class="rvts11"> - 15/16)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Comparer avec votre calculette.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement15.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentations PDF gratuit</a></p>
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">★ A partir des deux variables </span><span class="rvts12">prenom</span><span class="rvts11"> et </span><span class="rvts12">nom</span><span class="rvts11">, afficher les initiales (par exemple LM pour Léa Martin).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/creer-des-livres-numeriques-epub">Écrire des livres électroniques ePub pour l'iPad</a></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">★☆ L'identifiant d'accès au réseau du lycée est construit de la manière suivante : les 4 premiers caractères du prénom (maximum), suivi d'un point, puis les caractères du nom (limités à 12) le tout en minuscule.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Exemple : Alexandre Lecouturier → ale.lecouturier</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">A partir des deux variables </span><span class="rvts12">prenom</span><span class="rvts11"> et </span><span class="rvts12">nom</span><span class="rvts11">, construire l'identifiant.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement17.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/creer-des-livres-numeriques-epub">Éditeur complet de livres électroniques ePub</a></p>
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<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">★★</span><span class="rvts11"> On donne un extrait des logins d'accès au réseau du lycée :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts28">ale.lecouturier Huz4</span><br/><span class="rvts28">lea.martin monty</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">1) Créer une variable de type </span><span class="rvts17">dict</span><span class="rvts11"> qui contient les couples identifiant - mot de passe ci-dessus.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11"></span><br/><span class="rvts11">2) La saisie du login fournit deux variables </span><span class="rvts17">identifiant</span><span class="rvts11"> et </span><span class="rvts17">motdepasse</span><span class="rvts11"> : une pour l'identifiant et l'autre pour le mot de passe.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Construire une variable booléenne qui donne </span><span class="rvts17">True</span><span class="rvts11"> en cas d'identification correcte, et </span><span class="rvts17">False</span><span class="rvts66"> </span><span class="rvts11">dans le cas contraire :</span><br/><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement18.png"><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement19.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement20.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement21.png"></p>
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||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentations PDF gratuit</a></p>
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|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">★ Le numéro de sécurité sociale est constitué de 13 chiffres auquel s'ajoute la clé de contrôle (2 chiffres).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Exemple : 1 89 11 26 108 268 91</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">La clé de contrôle est calculée par la formule : 97 - (numéro de sécurité sociale </span><span class="rvts12">modulo</span><span class="rvts11"> 97)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Retrouver la clé de contrôle de votre numéro de sécurité sociale.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Quel est l'intérêt de la clé de contrôle ?</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement14.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpauthoringsoftware.com/fr">Qu'est-ce qu'un outil de création d'aide ?</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★</span><span class="rvts49"> Le numéro de sécurité sociale est constitué de 13 chiffres auquel s'ajoute la clé de contrôle (2 chiffres).</span><br/><span class="rvts49">La clé de contrôle est calculée par la formule : 97 - (numéro de sécurité sociale modulo 97)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Ecrire un script qui contrôle la validité d'un numéro de sécurité sociale.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">On pourra utiliser la fonction</span><span class="rvts77"> </span><span class="rvts76">int() </span><span class="rvts49">pour convertir le type </span><span class="rvts76">str</span><span class="rvts77"> </span><span class="rvts49">en type </span><span class="rvts76">int</span><span class="rvts49">.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer votre numéro de sécurité sociale (13 chiffres) --></span><span class="rvts38"> 1891126108268</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer votre clé de contrôle (2 chiffres) --------------></span><span class="rvts38"> 91</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Votre numéro de sécurité sociale est valide.</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer votre numéro de sécurité sociale (13 chiffres) --></span><span class="rvts38"> 2891126108268</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer votre clé de contrôle (2 chiffres) --------------></span><span class="rvts38"> 91</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Votre numéro de sécurité sociale est INVALIDE !</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Éditeur de documentation CHM facile</a></p>
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|
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★</span><span class="rvts49"> </span><span class="rvts78">Nombre entier non signé et signé</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Dans un octet, on peut stocker un nombre entier compris entre 0b00000000 = 0 et 0b11111111 = 255 (entier non signé, en numération binaire naturel).</span><br/><span class="rvts49">On peut aussi stocker un entier compris entre -128 et +127 (entier signé, représentation dite en complément à deux).</span><br/><span class="rvts49">En complément à deux, les nombres négatifs sont codés de la manière suivante :</span><br/><span class="rvts49">-1 correspond à 255 en binaire naturel</span><br/><span class="rvts49">-2 correspond à 254 en binaire naturel</span><br/><span class="rvts49">...</span><br/><span class="rvts49">-127 correspond à 129 en binaire naturel</span><br/><span class="rvts49">-128 correspond à 128 en binaire naturel</span><br/><span class="rvts49">1) Ecrire un script qui donne la correspondance entre entier signé et entier non signé.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer un entier signé en complément à deux (-128 à +127):</span><span class="rvts38"> 25</span><br/><span class="rvts41">La représentation en binaire naturel est : 25</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer un entier signé en complément à deux (-128 à +127):</span><span class="rvts38"> -15</span><br/><span class="rvts41">La représentation en binaire naturel est : 241</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">2) Ecrire un script qui donne la correspondance entre entier non signé et entier signé.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer un nombre entier (0 à 255):</span><span class="rvts38"> 250</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Cela représente l'entier signé : -6</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer des livres électroniques facilement</a></p>
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|
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|
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|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★</span><span class="rvts49"> Ecrire un script qui demande la note au bac et qui affiche la mention correspondante.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple</span><span class="rvts57"> :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Note au bac (sur 20) :</span><span class="rvts38"> 13.5</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Bac avec mention Assez Bien</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Note au bac (sur 20) :</span><span class="rvts38"> 10.9</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Bac avec mention Passable</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Note au bac (sur 20) :</span><span class="rvts38"> 4</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Recalé</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/outils-creation-aide">Environnement de création d'aide complet</a></p>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
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|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★</span><span class="rvts49"> Ecrire un script qui calcule l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) d'un adulte et qui en donne l'interprétation (corpulence normale, surpoids...).</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Votre taille en cm ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 170</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Votre masse en kg ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 68.5</span><br/><span class="rvts41">IMC = 23.70 kg/m²</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Interprétation : corpulence normale</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Générateur d'aide complet</a></p>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★★</span><span class="rvts49"> Ecrire un script qui résout l'équation du second degré : ax² + bx + c = 0</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Résolution de l'équation du second degré : ax² + bx + c = 0</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Coefficient a ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 1</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Coefficient b ?</span><span class="rvts38"> -0.9</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Coefficient c ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 0.056</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Discriminant : 0.586</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Deux solutions :</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.0672468158199</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.83275318418</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Résolution de l'équation du second degré : ax² + bx + c = 0</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Coefficient a ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 2</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Coefficient b ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 1.5</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Coefficient c ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 4</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Discriminant : -29.75</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Il n'y a pas de solution.</span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/creer-des-livres-numeriques-epub">Écrire des livres électroniques ePub pour l'iPad</a></p>
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|
||||
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<p></p>
|
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★</span><span class="rvts49"> Ecrire un script qui affiche toutes les tables de multiplication (de 1 à 10).</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creer-ebooks-pour-kindle-amazon">Générer facilement des livres électroniques Kindle</a></p>
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|
||||
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|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★</span><span class="rvts49"> Ecrire un script qui calcule la moyenne d'une série de notes.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">On pourra utiliser une variable qui contient la somme intermédiaire des notes.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Nombre de notes ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 3</span><br/><span class="rvts41">--></span><span class="rvts38"> 15</span><br/><span class="rvts41">--></span><span class="rvts38"> 11.5</span><br/><span class="rvts41">--></span><span class="rvts38"> 14</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Moyenne : 13.5</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/outils-creation-aide">Créer des aides HTML, DOC, PDF et des manuels depuis une même source</a></p>
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||||
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||||
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts47"> ★</span><br/><span class="rvts49">1) Avec une boucle </span><span class="rvts82">for</span><span class="rvts49">, écrire un script qui compte le nombre de lettres z dans une chaîne de caractères.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer la chaîne :</span><span class="rvts38"> Zinedine Zidane</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Résultat : 2</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">2) Faire la même chose, directement avec la méthode </span><span class="rvts76">count()</span><span class="rvts49"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts76">str</span><span class="rvts49">.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Pour obtenir de l'aide sur cette méthode :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">help</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">str</span><span class="rvts38">.count)</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creer-ebooks-pour-kindle-amazon">Produire des livres Kindle gratuitement</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts47">★</span><span class="rvts57"> </span><span class="rvts49">Avec une boucle </span><span class="rvts76">while</span><span class="rvts49">, écrire un script qui affiche l'heure courante avec une actualisation chaque seconde.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">On utilisera la fonction </span><span class="rvts76">sleep()</span><span class="rvts49"> du module </span><span class="rvts76">time</span><span class="rvts49">.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Pour obtenir de l'aide sur cette fonction :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> time</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">help</span><span class="rvts38">(time.sleep)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># Taper CTRL + C pour arrêter le programme.</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Heure courante 12:40:59</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Heure courante 12:41:00</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Heure courante 12:41:01</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Heure courante 12:41:02</span><br/><span class="rvts48">KeyboardInterrupt</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Remarque : il n'est pas conventionnel de forcer l'arrêt d'un programme avec </span><span class="rvts84">CTRL + C</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Nous verrons comment interrompre proprement un programme dans le chapitre </span><span class="rvts83">Gestion des exceptions</span><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creer-ebooks-pour-kindle-amazon">Écrire des livres électronique Kindle</a></p>
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<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts47">★☆</span><br/><span class="rvts49">1) Ecrire le script du jeu de devinette suivant :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Le jeu consiste à deviner un nombre entre 1 et 100 :</span><br/><span class="rvts41">---></span><span class="rvts38"> 50</span><br/><span class="rvts41">trop petit !</span><br/><span class="rvts41">---></span><span class="rvts38"> 75</span><br/><span class="rvts41">trop petit !</span><br/><span class="rvts41">---></span><span class="rvts38"> 87</span><br/><span class="rvts41">trop grand !</span><br/><span class="rvts41">---></span><span class="rvts38"> 81</span><br/><span class="rvts41">trop petit !</span><br/><span class="rvts41">---></span><span class="rvts38"> 84</span><br/><span class="rvts41">trop petit !</span><br/><span class="rvts41">---></span><span class="rvts38"> 85</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Gagné en 6 coups !</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">2) Quelle est la stratégie la plus efficace ?</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">3) Montrer que l'on peut deviner un nombre en 7 coups maximum.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Bibliographie : </span><a class="rvts85" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomie">La dichotomie</a></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Remarque : pour créer un nombre entier aléatoire entre 1 et 100 :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> random</span><br/><span class="rvts38">nombre = random.randint(1,100)</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creer-ebooks-pour-kindle-amazon">Générer facilement des livres électroniques Kindle</a></p>
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|
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★★</span><span class="rvts49"> Code de César</span><br/><span class="rvts49">En cryptographie, le code de César est une technique de chiffrement élémentaire qui consiste à décaler une lettre de 3 rangs vers la droite :</span><br/><span class="rvts49">A → D</span><br/><span class="rvts49">B → E</span><br/><span class="rvts49">...</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Z → C</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49"></span><br/><span class="rvts49">1) Ecrire le script de ce codage.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Message à coder ?</span><span class="rvts38"> abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz</span><br/><span class="rvts41">defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Message à coder ?</span><span class="rvts38"> Monty Python's Flying Circus</span><br/><span class="rvts41">prqwb sbwkrq'v ioblqj flufxv</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">On pourra utiliser la chaîne </span><span class="rvts82">'</span><span class="rvts76">abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz</span><span class="rvts82">'</span><span class="rvts49"> et la méthode </span><span class="rvts76">find()</span><span class="rvts49"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts76">str</span><span class="rvts49">.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Pour obtenir de l'aide sur cette méthode :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">help</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">str</span><span class="rvts38">.find)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">2) Ecrire le script du décodage.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Message à décoder ?</span><span class="rvts38"> prqwb sbwkrq'v ioblqj flufxv</span><br/><span class="rvts41">monty python's flying circus</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creer-ebooks-pour-kindle-amazon">Produire facilement des livres électroniques Kindle</a></p>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<h1 id="topic_header_text">Exercice 3.7</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
<a href="Lesbouclesinstructionsforwhile.html">Les boucles (instructions for, while)</a> ›› <a href="Exercices3.html">Exercices 3</a> ››
|
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||||
|
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60"> ★★</span><span class="rvts49"> Ecrire un script qui donne l'évolution de la suite convergente : u</span><span class="rvts86">n+1</span><span class="rvts49"> = u</span><span class="rvts86">n</span><span class="rvts49">/2 + 1/u</span><span class="rvts86">n</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Valeur initiale ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 20</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Jusqu'à quel rang ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 10</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0 20.0</span><br/><span class="rvts41">1 10.05</span><br/><span class="rvts41">2 5.12450248756</span><br/><span class="rvts41">3 2.75739213842</span><br/><span class="rvts41">4 1.74135758045</span><br/><span class="rvts41">5 1.44494338196</span><br/><span class="rvts41">6 1.41454033013</span><br/><span class="rvts41">7 1.41421360012</span><br/><span class="rvts41">8 1.41421356237</span><br/><span class="rvts41">9 1.41421356237</span><br/><span class="rvts41">10 1.41421356237</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/generation-de-site-web-iphone">Sites web iPhone faciles</a></p>
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||||
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|
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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|
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||||
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts60">★★</span><span class="rvts49"> Fraction continue infinie</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Estimer la valeur numérique de la fraction continue suivante :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement31.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Comparer avec la valeur exacte : (1 + √5)/2</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/outils-creation-aide">Création d'aide CHM, PDF, DOC et HTML d'une même source</a></p>
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<h1 id="topic_header_text">Exercice 3.9</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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<a href="Lesbouclesinstructionsforwhile.html">Les boucles (instructions for, while)</a> ›› <a href="Exercices3.html">Exercices 3</a> ››
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">1) ★ Ecrire un script qui détermine si un nombre entier est premier ou pas.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Par exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Nombre ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 17</span><br/><span class="rvts41">17 est un nombre premier</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">2) ★★ Ecrire un script qui décompose un nombre entier en un produit de facteurs premiers.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Nombre à décomposer ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 2142</span><br/><span class="rvts41">2142 = 2 * 3 * 3 * 7 * 17</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer des documents d'aide CHM facilement</a></p>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Exercice 4.1</title>
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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<a href="Lesfonctions.html">Les fonctions</a> ›› <a href="Exercices4.html">Exercices 4</a> ››
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|
||||
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">☆</span><br/><span class="rvts11">1) Ecrire une fonction </span><span class="rvts17">carre()</span><span class="rvts11"> qui retourne le carré d'un nombre :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(carre(11.11111))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">123.4567654321</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">2) Avec une boucle </span><span class="rvts17">while</span><span class="rvts11"> et la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">carre()</span><span class="rvts11">, écrire un script qui affiche le carré des nombres entiers de 1 à 100 :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">1² = 1</span><br/><span class="rvts41">2² = 4</span><br/><span class="rvts41">3² = 9</span><br/><span class="rvts41">...</span><br/><span class="rvts41">99² = 9801</span><br/><span class="rvts41">100² = 10000</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Fin du programme</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur d'aides Web gratuit</a></p>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">☆</span><br/><span class="rvts11">1) Ecrire une fonction qui retourne l'aire de la surface d'un disque de rayon R.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(airedisque(2.5))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">19.6349540849</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">2) Ajouter un paramètre qui précise l'unité de mesure :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(airedisque2(4.2, 'cm'))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">55.4176944093 cm²</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creez-des-fichiers-daide-pour-le-framework-qt-help">Créer des fichiers d'aide pour la plateforme Qt Help</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">★</span><br/><span class="rvts11">1) Ecrire une fonction qui retourne la factorielle d'un nombre entier N.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">On rappelle que : N ! = 1×2×...×(N-1)×N</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(factorielle(50))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">30414093201713378043612608166064768844377641568960512000000000000</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">2) Comparez avec le résultat de la fonction </span><a class="rvts90" href="http://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html">factorial()</a><span class="rvts49"> du module </span><span class="rvts76">math</span><span class="rvts49">.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur facile de livres électroniques et documentation</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts47">★</span><br/><span class="rvts11">1) A l'aide de la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">randint()</span><span class="rvts11"> du module </span><span class="rvts17">random</span><span class="rvts11">, écrire une fonction qui retourne un mot de passe de longueur N (chiffres, lettres minuscules ou majuscules).</span><br/><span class="rvts11">On donne :</span><br/><span class="rvts58">chaine = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(password(10))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">mHVeC5rs8P</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(password(6))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">PYthoN</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">2) Reprendre la question 1) avec la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">choice()</span><span class="rvts11"> du module </span><span class="rvts17">random</span><span class="rvts11">.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Pour obtenir de l'aide sur cette fonction :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> random</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">help</span><span class="rvts38">(random.choice)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">3) Quel est le nombre de combinaisons possibles ?</span><br/><span class="rvts11">4) Quelle durée faut-il pour casser le mot de passe avec un logiciel capable de générer 1 million de combinaisons par seconde ?</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Lien utile : </span><a class="rvts85" href="http://www.exhaustif.com/Generateur-de-mot-de-passe-en.html">www.exhaustif.com/Generateur-de-mot-de-passe-en.html</a></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/generation-de-site-web-iphone">Sites web iPhone faciles</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">★</span><span class="rvts11"> Ecrire une fonction qui retourne une carte (au hasard) d'un jeu de Poker à 52 cartes.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">On utilisera la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">choice()</span><span class="rvts11"> ou </span><span class="rvts17">randint()</span><span class="rvts11"> du module </span><span class="rvts17">random</span><span class="rvts11">.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">On donne :</span><br/><span class="rvts58">ListeCarte = ['2s','2h','2d','2c','3s','3h','3d','3c','4s','4h','4d','4c','5s','5h','5d','5c', '6s','6h','6d','6c','7s','7h','7d','7c','8s','8h','8d','8c','9s','9h','9d','9c', 'Ts','Th','Td','Tc','Js','Jh','Jd','Jc','Qs','Qh','Qd','Qc','Ks','Kh','Kd','Kc','As','Ah','Ad','Ac']</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(tiragecarte())</span><br/><span class="rvts41">7s</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(tiragecarte())</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Kd</span></p>
|
||||
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur d'aides CHM gratuit</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">★★</span><br/><span class="rvts11">1) Ecrire une fonction qui retourne une liste de N cartes </span><span class="rvts12">différentes</span><span class="rvts11"> d'un jeu de Poker à 52 cartes.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Noter qu'une fonction peut appeler une fonction : on peut donc réutiliser la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">tiragecarte()</span><span class="rvts11"> de l'exercice précédent.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Exemple :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(tirage_n_carte(2))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">['As', 'Ah']</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(tirage_n_carte(25))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">['Jc', 'Jh', 'Tc', '2d', '3h', 'Qc', '8d', '7c', 'As', 'Td', '8h', '9c', 'Ad', 'Qh',</span><br/><span class="rvts41">'Kc', '6s', '5h', 'Qd', 'Kh', '9h', '5d', 'Js', 'Ks', '5c', 'Th']</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">2) Simplifier le script avec la fonction </span><span class="rvts76">shuffle()</span><span class="rvts49"> ou </span><span class="rvts76">sample()</span><span class="rvts49"> du module </span><span class="rvts76">random</span><span class="rvts49">.</span></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentations PDF gratuit</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">★</span><span class="rvts11"> Ecrire une fonction qui retourne une grille de numéros du jeu Euro Millions.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">On utilisera la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">sample()</span><span class="rvts11"> du module </span><span class="rvts17">random</span><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement32.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(euromillions())</span><br/><span class="rvts41">[37, 23, 9, 11, 49, 2, 11]</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(euromillions())</span><br/><span class="rvts41">[16, 32, 8, 30, 40, 6, 4]</span></p>
|
||||
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creez-des-fichiers-daide-pour-le-framework-qt-help">Créer des fichiers d'aide pour la plateforme Qt Help</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts12">★★</span><br/><span class="rvts11">1) Ecrire une fonction qui retourne la valeur de la fonction mathématique </span><span class="rvts66">f(x)= 27x</span><span class="rvts92">3</span><span class="rvts66"> -27x</span><span class="rvts92">2</span><span class="rvts66">-18x +8</span><span class="rvts11"> :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(f(0), f(1), f(0.5), f(0.25), f(0.375))</span><br/><span class="rvts41">8.0 -10.0 -4.375 2.234375 -1.123046875</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">2) On se propose de chercher les zéros de cette fonction par la </span><a class="rvts85" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomie">méthode de dichotomie</a><span class="rvts49">.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Ecrire le script correspondant.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">Recherche d'un zéro dans l'intervalle [a,b]</span><br/><span class="rvts41">a?</span><span class="rvts38"> 0</span><br/><span class="rvts41">b?</span><span class="rvts38"> 1</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Précision ?</span><span class="rvts38"> 1e-12</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.5</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.25</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.375</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.3125</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.34375</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.328125</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.3359375</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.33203125</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.333984375</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.3330078125</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.33349609375</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.333251953125</span><br/><span class="rvts41">...</span><br/><span class="rvts41">...</span><br/><span class="rvts41">0.333333333333</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">3) Chercher tous les zéros de cette fonction.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Annexe : représentation graphique de la fonction </span><span class="rvts82">f(x)= 27x</span><span class="rvts91">3</span><span class="rvts82"> -27x</span><span class="rvts91">2</span><span class="rvts82"> -18x +8</span><span class="rvts49"> (graphique réalisé avec la librairie </span><a class="rvts85" href="http://matplotlib.org/examples/pylab_examples/axes_props.html">matplotlib</a><span class="rvts49"> de Python)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement33.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/generation-de-site-web-iphone">Créer des documentations web iPhone</a></p>
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<p></p>
|
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts17">IDLE</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">IDLE est un environnement de développement intégré (Integrated Development Environment) pour Python. Un IDLE propose un certain nombre d'outils :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts12">un éditeur de texte</span><span class="rvts11"> (pour écrire le programme)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts12">un interpréteur</span><span class="rvts11"> (pour exécuter le programme)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts12">un débogueur</span><span class="rvts11"> (pour tester le programme)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts12">une fenètre intéractive REPL</span><span class="rvts11"> (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop) permettant d'entrer du code Python arbitraire et de voir immédiatement les résultats.</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Il existe des IDLE en ligne pour Python:</span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><img width="32" height="31" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement131.png"><a class="rvts14" href="https://repl.it/languages/python3" target="_blank">https://repl.it/languages/python3</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><img width="44" height="29" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement132.png"><a class="rvts14" href="https://trinket.io/">https://trinket.io/</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><img width="36" height="34" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement130.png"><a class="rvts14" href="https://codewith.mu/">https://codewith.mu/</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><a class="rvts14" href="http://pythontutor.com/live.html#mode=edit" target="_blank">http://pythontutor.com/live.html#mode=edit</a><span class="rvts11"> permet de visualiser pas à pas l'exécution d'un programme Python</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">etc...</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Il existe des IDLE installables sur les ordinateurs: </span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><img width="39" height="38" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement135.png"><a class="rvts14" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/">https://www.python.org/downloads/</a><span class="rvts11"> site officiel</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><img width="37" height="38" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement133.png"><a class="rvts14" href="https://edupython.tuxfamily.org/">https://edupython.tuxfamily.org/</a><span class="rvts11"> </span><span class="rvts11">interface PyScripter traduite en français</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><img width="36" height="34" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement134.png"><a class="rvts14" href="https://thonny.org/">https://thonny.org/</a><a class="rvts18" href="https://thonny.org/"> </a><span class="rvts11">léger et efficace</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><img width="36" height="34" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement130.png"><a class="rvts14" href="https://codewith.mu/en/download">https://codewith.mu/en/download </a></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">etc...</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts19">Exemple pour Edupython:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement140.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">La Console Python est un interpréteur Python en mode interactif.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts19"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts19">Exemple de fenêtre interactive REPL dans Mu</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img width="845" height="417" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement142.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/creer-ebooks-pour-kindle-amazon">Générateur complet de livres électroniques Kindle</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_header">
|
||||
<div id="topic_header_content">
|
||||
<h1 id="topic_header_text">Immuable vs mutable</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
<a href="Variablestypesetoperateurs.html">Variables, types et opérateurs</a> ››
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|
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64">Immuable ou immuable</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Les </span><span class="rvts35">nombres </span><span class="rvts25">sont des </span><span class="rvts35">types immuables</span><span class="rvts25"> tout comme les </span><span class="rvts35">chaînes de caractères</span><span class="rvts25"> et les </span><span class="rvts35">tuples</span><span class="rvts25"> (tableaux d’objets). </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Une variable de type immuable ne peut être modifiée. Une opération sur une variable de ce type entraîne nécessairement la création d’une autre variable du même type.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Pour mettre en évidence cette propriété, jouons avec la fonction </span><span class="rvts35">id()</span><span class="rvts25"> qui renvoie l'identificateur unique d'un objet, cela correspond à l'adresse mémoire dans laquelle il est stocké. </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Si l'identifiant est le même, c'est le même objet.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Vous allez vérifier cela dans la Console Python (interpréteur Python en mode interactif) </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> a = 1</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> id(a)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> a += 2</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> print(a)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> id(a)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> b = a</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> id(b)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Donner plusieurs noms à un même objet s'appelle l'</span><span class="rvts35">aliasing, </span><span class="rvts25">les variables </span><span class="rvts35">a</span><span class="rvts25"> et </span><span class="rvts35">b</span><span class="rvts25"> sont des</span><span class="rvts35"> alias </span><span class="rvts25">l'une de l'autre. </span><span class="rvts35">a</span><span class="rvts25"> et </span><span class="rvts35">b</span><span class="rvts25"> pointent vers le même emplacement mémoire</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts35"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> b = 5</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> a</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts35"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> b</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> id(a)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> id(a)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Conclusion, l'aliasing se fait sans risque.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64">Mutable</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Un objet de type </span><span class="rvts35">mutable</span><span class="rvts25"> peut être modifié et modifié in situ. Aucune copie implicite n'est faite.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Cette catégorie comprend: les </span><span class="rvts35">listes</span><span class="rvts25">, les </span><span class="rvts35">dictionnaires</span><span class="rvts25">, ...</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> liste1 = []</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> id(liste1)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> liste1.append('Nicolas')</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> liste1</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> id(liste1)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts64"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">La valeur de liste peut être modifié mais liste ne change pas d'id.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Si un objet doit être souvent modifié, un type mutable est préférable qu'un type immuable d'un point de vue espace mémoire mais attention à l'aliasing par exemple:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> liste2 = liste1</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> id(liste2)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> liste2.append(3)</span><br/><span class="rvts63">>>> liste2</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps10"><span class="rvts63">>>> liste1</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentation complet</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_footer">
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_footer_content">
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Les boucles (instructions for, while)</title>
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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|
||||
</head>
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||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_header">
|
||||
<div id="topic_header_content">
|
||||
<h1 id="topic_header_text">Les boucles (instructions for, while)</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_header_nav">
|
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<a href="Exercice25.html"><img src="img/arrow_left.png" alt="Previous"/></a>
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="topic_content">
|
||||
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Une boucle permet d'exécuter une portion de code plusieurs fois de suite.</span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 96px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li style="margin-left: 0px" class="rvps14"><span class="rvts69">Boucle non bornée </span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps14"><span class="rvts69"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<div class="rvps11"><table width="679" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="-1" style="border-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse;">
|
||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td width="138" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Séquence</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="228" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Algorithme</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="270" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Algorigramme</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td width="138" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Répétitive ou itérative à condition initiale</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="228" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">TANT QUE</span><span class="rvts72"> la condition est vrai</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts72"> Faire “Traitement”</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Fin TANT QUE</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="270" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><img width="144" height="105" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement160.png"></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td width="138" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Répétitive ou itérative à condition finale</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="228" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">RÉPÉTER</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts72"> “Traitement”</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">JUSQU'À </span><span class="rvts72">“Condition” vraie</span></p>
|
||||
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<td width="270" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><img width="142" height="116" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement161.png"></p>
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps14" style="page-break-before: always;"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
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||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 96px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li style="margin-left: 0px" class="rvps14"><span class="rvts69">Boucle bornée </span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
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<p class="rvps14"><span class="rvts69"><br/></span></p>
|
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<div class="rvps11"><table width="678" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="-1" style="border-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse;">
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<tr valign="top">
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<td width="175" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Séquence</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
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||||
<td width="243" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Algorithme</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="217" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Algorigramme</span></p>
|
||||
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<tr valign="top">
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||||
<td width="175" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Boucle avec comptage</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="243" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">POUR</span><span class="rvts72"> i </span><span class="rvts70">allant de</span><span class="rvts72"> VI </span><span class="rvts70">jusqu’à</span><span class="rvts72"> VF</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts72"> Faire “Traitement”</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Fin POUR</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="217" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><img width="159" height="156" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement159.png"></p>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts79"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts6"><br/></span></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer des documents d'aide HTML facilement</a></p>
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<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Les langages informatiques savent interpréter des expressions conditionnelles telles que :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">• " </span><span class="rvts67">Si </span><span class="rvts68">la météo le permet </span><span class="rvts67">alors je vais me promener, sinon je reste à la maison</span><span class="rvts25">. "</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"> </span><span class="rvts25"> </span><span class="rvts69">Structure conditionnelle ou alternative</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts69"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<div class="rvps11"><table width="671" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="-1" style="border-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse;">
|
||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td width="154" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Séquence</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="206" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Algorithme</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="268" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><span class="rvts70">Algorigramme</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td width="154" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Alternative partielle</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="206" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">SI</span><span class="rvts72"> la condition est vrai </span><span class="rvts70">ALORS</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts72"> Faire “Traitement”</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Fin SI</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="268" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><img width="119" height="92" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement157.png"></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
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|
||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td width="154" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts71"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Alternative complète</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="206" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">SI</span><span class="rvts72"> l’expression est vrai </span><span class="rvts70">ALORS</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts72"> Faire “Traitement 1”</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">SINON</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts72"> Faire “Traitement 2”</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts70">Fin SI</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td width="268" valign="top" style="border-width : 1px; border-color: #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 0px 7px;"><p class="rvps3"><img width="214" height="101" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement158.png"></p>
|
||||
</td>
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||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts73"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts73">La condition peut être composée de plusieurs conditions combinées par les opérateurs logiques ET, OU, et NON.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts6"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur d'aides CHM gratuit</a></p>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Nous avons déjà vu beaucoup de fonctions : </span><span class="rvts17">print()</span><span class="rvts66">, </span><span class="rvts17">type()</span><span class="rvts66">, </span><span class="rvts17">len()</span><span class="rvts66">, </span><span class="rvts17">input()</span><span class="rvts66">, </span><span class="rvts17">range()</span><span class="rvts11">...</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Ce sont des fonctions pré-définies (</span><a class="rvts83" href="http://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html">built-in functions</a><span class="rvts11">).</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Nous avons aussi la possibilité de créer nos propres fonctions !</span></p>
|
||||
<h3 class="rvps12"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts74">Intérêt des fonctions</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Une fonction est une portion de code que l'on peut appeler au besoin (c'est une sorte de sous-programme).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">L'utilisation des fonctions évite des redondances dans le code : on obtient ainsi des programmes plus courts et plus lisibles.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Par exemple, nous avons besoin de convertir à plusieurs reprises des degrés Celsius en degrés Fahrenheit :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(100.0*9.0/5.0 + 32.0)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(37.0*9.0/5.0 + 32.0)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(233.0*9.0/5.0 + 32.0)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">La même chose en utilisant une fonction :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">fahrenheit</span><span class="rvts38">(degre_celsius):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Conversion degré Celsius en degré Fahrenheit """</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(degre_celsius*9.0/5.0 + 32.0)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> fahrenheit(100)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> fahrenheit(37)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> temperature = 233</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> fahrenheit(temperature)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Rien ne vous oblige à définir des fonctions dans vos scripts, mais cela est tellement pratique qu'il serait improductif de s'en passer !</span></p>
|
||||
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentation et EPub gratuit</a></p>
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<h1 id="topic_header_text">Les fonctions mathématiques</h1>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Sous Python, pour utiliser les fonctions mathématiques, il faut commencer par importer le module </span><span class="rvts32">math</span><span class="rvts25"> :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> math</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Sous l'IDLE (Python GUI), la fonction </span><span class="rvts32">dir()</span><span class="rvts25"> retourne la liste des fonctions et données d'un module :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">dir</span><span class="rvts38">(math)</span><br/><span class="rvts41">['__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan',</span><br/><span class="rvts41">'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf',</span><br/><span class="rvts41">'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum',</span><br/><span class="rvts41">'gamma', 'hypot', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p',</span><br/><span class="rvts41">'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Sous Edupython, vous trouverez la liste des fonctions dans l'onglet du bas nommé </span><span class="rvts50">Variables</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement8.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Pour appeler une fonction d'un module, la syntaxe est la suivante :</span><br/><span class="rvts47">module.fonction(arguments)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Pour accéder à une donnée d'un module :</span><br/><span class="rvts47">module.data</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(math.pi) </span><span class="rvts39"># donnée pi du module math (nombre pi) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(math.sin(math.pi/4.0)) </span><span class="rvts39"># fonction sin() du module math (sinus) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(math.sqrt(2.0)) </span><span class="rvts39"># fonction sqrt() du module math (racine carrée) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(math.sqrt(-5.0)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts48"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(math.exp(-3.0)) </span><span class="rvts39"># fonction exp() du module math (exponentielle) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(math.log(math.e)) </span><span class="rvts39"># fonction log() du module math (logarithme népérien) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps9"><span class="rvts25">Pour simplifier, vous pouvez importer toutes les fonctions d'un module :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">from</span><span class="rvts40"> </span><span class="rvts51">math</span><span class="rvts40"> </span><span class="rvts41">import</span><span class="rvts40"> *</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps9"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement12.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps9"><span class="rvts25">Vous devez privilégier uniquement l'importation des fonctions que vous souhaitez utiliser:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">from</span><span class="rvts40"> </span><span class="rvts51">math</span><span class="rvts40"> </span><span class="rvts41">import</span><span class="rvts40"> pi</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps9"><span class="rvts25"> </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://download.tuxfamily.org/edupython/videos/module/module.html" target="_blank">Utilisation d'un module en Python (vidéo)</a></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentations PDF gratuit</a></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Deux valeurs sont possibles : </span><span class="rvts55">True</span><span class="rvts54"> et </span><span class="rvts55">False</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> choix = </span><span class="rvts40">True</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(choix)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts57">Les opérateurs de comparaison :</span></p>
|
||||
<div class="rvps2"><table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="-1" style="border-color: #363b29; border-style: solid; background-color: #f5f5dc; border-collapse: collapse;">
|
||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts59">Opérateur</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts59">Signification</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts59">Remarques</span></p>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57"><</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">strictement inférieur</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><br/>
|
||||
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||||
<tr valign="top">
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||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57"><=</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">inférieur ou égal</span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><br/>
|
||||
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||||
<tr valign="top">
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||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">></span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">strictement supérieur</span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><br/>
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||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">>=</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">supérieur ou égal</span></p>
|
||||
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||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><br/>
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||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">==</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">égal</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">Attention : deux signes </span><span class="rvts58">==</span></p>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
<tr valign="top">
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">!=</span></p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td valign="middle" style="border-color : #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; padding: 5px;"><p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts57">différent</span></p>
|
||||
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||||
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|
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||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> b = 10</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(b > 8) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(b == 5) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(b != 10) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(0 <= b <= 20) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Les opérateurs logiques : </span><span class="rvts55">and</span><span class="rvts33">, </span><span class="rvts55">or</span><span class="rvts33">, </span><span class="rvts55">not</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> note = 13.0</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> mention_ab = note >= 12.0 </span><span class="rvts46">and</span><span class="rvts38"> note < 14.0 </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : mention_ab = 12.0 <= note < 14.0</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(mention_ab) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts46">not</span><span class="rvts38"> mention_ab) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(note == 20.0 </span><span class="rvts46">or</span><span class="rvts38"> note == 0.0) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">L'opérateur </span><span class="rvts55">in</span><span class="rvts54"> s'utilise avec des chaînes (type </span><span class="rvts55">str</span><span class="rvts54">) ou des listes (type </span><span class="rvts55">list</span><span class="rvts54">) :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">'Bonsoir'</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># la sous-chaîne 'soir' fait-elle partie de la chaîne 'Bonsoir' ?</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> resultat = </span><span class="rvts52">'soir'</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> chaine</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(resultat) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">'b'</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> maliste = [4, 8, 15]</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># le nombre entier 9 est-il dans la liste ?</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(9 </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> maliste) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(8 </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> maliste) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(14 </span><span class="rvts46">not in</span><span class="rvts38"> maliste) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentation et EPub facile</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Un dictionnaire stocke des données sous la forme </span><span class="rvts60">clé ⇒ valeur</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Une clé est unique et n'est pas nécessairement un entier (comme c'est le cas de l'indice d'une liste).</span></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> moyennes = {</span><span class="rvts52">'math'</span><span class="rvts38">: 12.5, </span><span class="rvts52">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts38">: 15.8} </span><span class="rvts39"># entre accolades</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes[</span><span class="rvts52">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts38">]) </span><span class="rvts39"># entre crochets </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> moyennes[</span><span class="rvts52">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts38">] = 14.3 </span><span class="rvts39"># nouvelle affectation</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> moyennes[</span><span class="rvts52">'sport'</span><span class="rvts38">] = 11.0 </span><span class="rvts39"># nouvelle entrée</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites/generation-de-site-web-iphone">Créer des documentations web iPhone</a></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> b = 17.0 </span><span class="rvts39"># le séparateur décimal est un point (et non une virgule)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(b) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(b)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> c = 14.0/3.0</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(c) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> c = 14.0//3.0 </span><span class="rvts39"># division entière</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(c) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Attention: il faut éviter de faire des divisions entières sur des nombres négatifs</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts41">7//3</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts41">-7//3</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Attention : avec des nombres entiers, l'opérateur </span><span class="rvts32">/</span><span class="rvts25"> fait une division classique et retourne toujours un type </span><span class="rvts32">float</span><span class="rvts25"> :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> c = 12/3</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(c) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Notation scientifique :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> a = -1.784892e4</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(a) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Entre deux nombres donnés, par exemple entre 1 et 4, ou entre 3,5 et 3,6 ou entre – 10,36 et – 10,34… il existe une infinité d’autres nombres. Certaines sont des entiers, comme 2 ou 3, certains sont des décimaux comme 1,5 ou 2,3, d’autres sont des rationnels comme 4/3, d’autres sont des irrationnels comme </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement145.png"><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Nous allons voir qu’en machine, certains nombres sont stockés de manière exacte et d’autre de manière approchée.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Calculer 0,1 + 0,2 en langage Python. </span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Expliquer pourquoi le résultat n’est pas celui attendu</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">On peut tester l’égalité de 0,1 + 0,2 avec 0,3</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> print (</span><span class="rvts41">0.1+0.2 == 0.3</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts42">Il faut éviter de tester l’égalité de deux flottants.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts42"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">• La fonction « </span><span class="rvts12">float()</span><span class="rvts11"> » permet de convertir un entier en flottant.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> print (</span><span class="rvts44">float</span><span class="rvts41">(5)</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">• La fonction « </span><span class="rvts12">int()</span><span class="rvts11">» permet de convertir un flottant en entier.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> print (</span><span class="rvts44">int</span><span class="rvts41">(4.8)</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts43">À tester avec des nombres positifs ou négatifs pour voir comment la valeur est obtenue (tronquée ? arrondie ?).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">La fonction « </span><span class="rvts12">print ()</span><span class="rvts11">» permet d’afficher des flottants en indiquant le nombre de chiffres à afficher après la virgule à l’aide de la chaîne </span><span class="rvts45">"%.2f" %x</span><span class="rvts11"> dans laquelle le nombre devant f donne le nombre de décimales et x est le nombre à afficher.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> x = 0.123456</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(x) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts44">"%.2f" %x</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">• Il faut être prudent avec les arrondis.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts6"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts44">"%.2f" %0.1</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts44">"%.20f" %0.1</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts44">"%.20f" %0.125</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts44">1.2*3</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Depuis EduPython (IDLE PyScripter), saisir ces lignes de programme dans la Console Python (interpréteur Python en mode interactif) </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Pour affecter (on dit aussi assigner) la valeur 16 à la variable nommée </span><span class="rvts28">age</span><span class="rvts25"> :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement155.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Afin que vous gardiez une trace de votre travail, saisir les différentes lignes de programme dans la zone de saisie puis </span><span class="rvts11">exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> pour voir le résultat dans la console Python. </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement156.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Désormais vous devrez utiliser la </span><span class="rvts25">fonction </span><span class="rvts32">print()</span><span class="rvts25"> pour afficher la valeur de la variable :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts26">Remarque</span><span class="rvts25">: Il est possible en langage Python de réaliser des affectations multiples:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts33">a,b = 2,3</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(a) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(b) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">En programmation, le codage de la variable diffère en fonction de la donnée utilisée (booléen, nombre entiers, nombre à virgule, caractères...). On parle alors de </span><span class="rvts35">type de variable.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">En langage Python, le typage est dynamique ce qui signifie que c’est l’instruction d’affectation qui va définir le type de la variable.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts20"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">La fonction </span><span class="rvts32">type()</span><span class="rvts25"> retourne le type de la variable :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(</span><span class="rvts29">type</span><span class="rvts28">(age)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts32">int</span><span class="rvts25"> est le type des nombres entiers.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts33">x=</span><span class="rvts31">0b11111011101</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(x) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> y=</span><span class="rvts34">0x7DD</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(y) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts24">Rappel:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">La notation « 0b… » indique que la valeur du nombre est en binaire.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">La notation « 0x… » indique que la valeur du nombre est en hexadécimal.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">On peut convertir un nombre en binaire en utilisant la fonction « </span><span class="rvts12">bin()</span><span class="rvts11"> ». Par exemple: </span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> binaire=</span><span class="rvts36">bin</span><span class="rvts34">(25)</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(binaire) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">On peut convertir un nombre en décimal en écrivant simplement sa valeur.</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> decimal=</span><span class="rvts34">0x1FA</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(decimal) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">On peut convertir un nombre en hexadécimal en utilisant la fonction « </span><span class="rvts12">hex()</span><span class="rvts11"> ».</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> hexadecimal=</span><span class="rvts36">hex</span><span class="rvts34">(506)</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(hexadecimal) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Commenter et documenter son programme sont essentiels pour maintenir un code clair et pour faciliter la collaboration avec d'autres personnes. Cette pratique de programmation permet également de se rappeler ultérieurement l'utilité de telle ou telle variable, méthode, etc...</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts31"># ceci est un commentaire</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> age = age + 1 </span><span class="rvts31"># en plus court : age += 1</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(age) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts28"></span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> age = age - 3 </span><span class="rvts31"># en plus court : age -= 3</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(age) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts28"></span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> age = age*2 </span><span class="rvts31"># en plus court : age *= 2</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(age) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts28"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> a = 6*3 - 20</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(a) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> b = 25</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> c = a + 2*b</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(b, c) </span><span class="rvts31"># ne pas oublier la virgule </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">L'opérateur </span><span class="rvts32">//</span><span class="rvts25"> donne la division entière :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> tour = 450//360</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(tour) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">L'opérateur </span><span class="rvts32">%</span><span class="rvts25"> donne le reste de la division (opération modulo) :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> angle = 450%360</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(angle) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">L'opérateur </span><span class="rvts32">**</span><span class="rvts25"> donne la puissance :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> mo = 2**20</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(mo) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts25"></span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> racine2 = 2**0.5</span><br/><span class="rvts30">>>></span><span class="rvts28"> </span><span class="rvts29">print</span><span class="rvts28">(racine2) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpauthoringsoftware.com/fr">Qu'est-ce qu'un outil de création d'aide ?</a></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Une liste est une structure de données.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">Le premier élément d'une liste possède l'indice (l'index) 0.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">Dans une liste, on peut avoir des éléments de plusieurs types.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> infoperso = [</span><span class="rvts52">'Pierre'</span><span class="rvts38">, </span><span class="rvts52">'Dupont'</span><span class="rvts38">, 17, 1.75, 72.5]</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># la liste infoperso contient 5 éléments de types str, str, int, float et float</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(infoperso)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(infoperso) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">'Prénom : '</span><span class="rvts38">, infoperso[0]) </span><span class="rvts39"># premier élément (indice 0) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">'Age : '</span><span class="rvts38">, infoperso[2]) </span><span class="rvts39"># le troisième élément a l'indice 2 </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">'Taille : '</span><span class="rvts38">, infoperso[3]) </span><span class="rvts39"># le quatrième élément a l'indice 3 </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La fonction </span><span class="rvts55">range()</span><span class="rvts54"> crée une liste d'entiers régulièrement espacés :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> maliste = </span><span class="rvts40">range</span><span class="rvts38">(10)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">list</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> maliste = </span><span class="rvts40">range</span><span class="rvts38">(1,10,2) </span><span class="rvts39"># range(début,fin non comprise,intervalle)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">list</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste[2]) </span><span class="rvts39"># le troisième élément a l'indice 2 </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">On peut créer une liste de listes, qui s'apparente à un tableau à 2 dimensions (ligne, colonne) :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts56"> 0 1 2</span><br/><span class="rvts56">10 11 12</span><br/><span class="rvts56">20 21 22</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> maliste = [[0, 1, 2], [10, 11, 12], [20, 21, 22]]</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste[0]) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste[0][0]) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste[2][1]) </span><span class="rvts39"># élément à la troisième ligne et deuxième colonne </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> maliste[2][1] = 69 </span><span class="rvts39"># nouvelle affectation</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(maliste) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpauthoringsoftware.com/fr">Nouvelles et informations sur les outils de logiciels de création d'aide</a></p>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> nom = </span><span class="rvts52">'Dupont'</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># entre apostrophes</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(nom) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(nom)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> prenom = </span><span class="rvts52">"Pierre"</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># on peut aussi utiliser les guillemets</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(prenom) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(nom, prenom) </span><span class="rvts39"># ne pas oublier la virgule </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La concaténation désigne la mise bout à bout de plusieurs chaînes de caractères.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">La concaténation utilise l'opérateur </span><span class="rvts55">+</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = nom + prenom </span><span class="rvts39"># concaténation de deux chaînes de caractères</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = prenom + nom </span><span class="rvts39"># concaténation de deux chaînes de caractères</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = prenom + </span><span class="rvts52">' '</span><span class="rvts38"> + nom</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = chaine + </span><span class="rvts52">' 18 ans'</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># en plus court : chaine += ' 18 ans'</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La fonction </span><span class="rvts55">len()</span><span class="rvts54"> retourne la longueur (length) de la chaîne de caractères :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">len</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Indexage et slicing :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine[0]) </span><span class="rvts39"># premier caractère (indice 0) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine[1]) </span><span class="rvts39"># deuxième caractère (indice 1) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine[1:4]) </span><span class="rvts39"># slicing </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine[2:]) </span><span class="rvts39"># slicing </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine[-1]) </span><span class="rvts39"># dernier caractère (indice -1) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine[-6:]) </span><span class="rvts39"># slicing </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">En résumé :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38"> +---+---+---+---+---+---+</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> | M | u | r | i | e | l |</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> +---+---+---+---+---+---+</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6</span><br/><span class="rvts38">-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts20"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">'Aujourd'</span><span class="rvts53">hui</span><span class="rvts52">'</span><br/><span class="rvts48">SyntaxError: invalid syntax</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">'Aujourd\'hui'</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># séquence d'échappement \'</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">"Aujourd'hui"</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La séquence d'échappement </span><span class="rvts55">\n</span><span class="rvts54"> représente un saut ligne :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">'Première ligne\nDeuxième ligne'</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Plus simplement, on peut utiliser les triples guillemets (ou les triples apostrophes) pour encadrer une chaîne définie sur plusieurs lignes :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">"""Première ligne</span><br/><span class="rvts52">Deuxième ligne"""</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">On ne peut pas mélanger les serviettes et les torchons (ici type </span><span class="rvts55">str</span><span class="rvts54"> et type </span><span class="rvts55">int</span><span class="rvts54">) :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">'17.45'</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = chaine + 2 </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">La fonction </span><span class="rvts17">float()</span><span class="rvts11"> permet de convertir un type </span><span class="rvts17">str</span><span class="rvts11"> en type </span><span class="rvts17">float</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> nombre = </span><span class="rvts40">float</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(nombre) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(nombre)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> nombre = nombre + 2 </span><span class="rvts39"># en plus court : nombre += 2</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(nombre) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La fonction </span><span class="rvts55">input()</span><span class="rvts54"> lance une invite de commande (en anglais : prompt) pour saisir une chaîne de caractères.</span></p>
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||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># saisir une chaîne de caractères et valider avec la touche Enter</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts40">input</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">"Entrer un nombre : "</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41">Entrer un nombre :</span><span class="rvts38"> 14.56</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> nombre = </span><span class="rvts40">float</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><span class="rvts39"># conversion de type</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(nombre**2) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
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<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Syntaxe</span></span></h4>
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<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">nom_de_la_fonction</span><span class="rvts38">(parametre1, parametre2, parametre3, ...):</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts52">""" Documentation</span><br/><span class="rvts52">qu'on peut écrire</span><br/><span class="rvts52">sur plusieurs lignes """</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># docstring entouré de 3 guillemets (ou apostrophes)</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions </span><span class="rvts39"># attention à l'indentation</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span><span class="rvts38"> resultat </span><span class="rvts39"># la fonction retourne le contenu de la variable resultat</span></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Une instruction </span><span class="rvts17">elif</span><span class="rvts11"> (contraction de </span><span class="rvts12">else if</span><span class="rvts11">) est toujours associée à une instruction </span><span class="rvts17">if</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Syntaxe</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> expression 1:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 1</span><br/><span class="rvts46">elif</span><span class="rvts38"> expression 2:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 2</span><br/><span class="rvts46">elif</span><span class="rvts38"> expression 3:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 3 </span><span class="rvts39"># ici deux instructions elif, mais il n'y a pas de limitation</span><br/><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 4</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># suite du programme</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Si l'expression 1 est vraie alors le bloc d'instructions 1 est exécuté, et on passe à la suite du programme.</span><br/><span class="rvts25">Si l'expression 1 est fausse alors on teste l'expression 2 :</span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: square;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">si l'expression 2 est vraie on exécute le bloc d'instructions 2, et on passe à la suite du programme.</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">si l'expression 2 est fausse alors on teste l'expression 3, etc.</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Le bloc d'instructions 4 est donc exécuté si toutes les expressions sont fausses (c'est le bloc "par défaut").</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">Parfois il n'y a rien à faire.</span><br/><span class="rvts25">Dans ce cas, on peut omettre l'instruction </span><span class="rvts32">else</span><span class="rvts25">:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> expression 1:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 1</span><br/><span class="rvts46">elif</span><span class="rvts38"> expression 2:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 2</span><br/><span class="rvts46">elif</span><span class="rvts38"> expression 3:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 3</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># suite du programme</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts25">L'instruction </span><span class="rvts32">elif</span><span class="rvts25"> évite souvent l'utilisation de conditions imbriquées (et souvent compliquées).</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Exemple</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Condition5.py</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># ce script fait la même chose que Condition4.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">note = </span><span class="rvts40">float</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">input</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">"Note sur 20 : "</span><span class="rvts38">))</span><br/><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note == 0.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("C'est en dessous de la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("... lamentable !")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">elif</span><span class="rvts38"> note == 20.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("J'ai la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("C'est même excellent !")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">elif</span><span class="rvts38"> note < 10.0 </span><span class="rvts46">and</span><span class="rvts38"> note > 0.0: </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : elif 0.0 < note < 10.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("C'est en dessous de la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">elif</span><span class="rvts38"> note >= 10.0 </span><span class="rvts46">and</span><span class="rvts38"> note < 20.0: </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : elif 10.0 <= note < 20.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("J'ai la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Note invalide !")</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin du programme") </span></p>
|
||||
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<h3 class="rvps12"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts37"><br/></span></span></h3>
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<a href="Lesconditionsinstructionsifelife.html">Les conditions (instructions if, elif, else)</a> ››
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<p></p>
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||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Une instruction </span><span class="rvts17">else</span><span class="rvts11"> est toujours associée à une instruction </span><span class="rvts17">if</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Syntaxe</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> expression:</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 1 </span><span class="rvts39"># attention à l'indentation</span><br/><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">: </span><span class="rvts39"># else est au même niveau que if</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions 2 </span><span class="rvts39"># attention à l'indentation</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># suite du programme</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Si l'expression est vraie (True) alors le bloc d'instructions 1 est exécuté.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Si l'expression est fausse (False) alors c'est le bloc d'instructions 2 qui est exécuté.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Condition2.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">chaine = </span><span class="rvts40">input</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">"Note sur 20 : "</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38">note = </span><span class="rvts40">float</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)</span><br/><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note >= 10.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note >= 10.0) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("J'ai la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note >= 10.0) est fausse</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("C'est en dessous de la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin du programme") </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> et tester</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Pour traiter le cas des notes invalides (<0 ou >20), on peut imbriquer des instructions conditionnelles :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Condition3.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">chaine = </span><span class="rvts40">input</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">"Note sur 20 : "</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38">note = </span><span class="rvts40">float</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)</span><br/><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note > 20.0 </span><span class="rvts46">or</span><span class="rvts38"> note < 0.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note > 20.0 or note < 0.0) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Note invalide !")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note > 20.0 or note < 0.0) est fausse</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note >= 10.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note >= 10.0) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("J'ai la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note >= 10.0) est fausse</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("C'est en dessous de la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin du programme") </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> et tester</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">On ajoute encore un niveau d'imbrication pour traiter les cas particuliers 0 et 20 :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Condition4.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">chaine = </span><span class="rvts40">input</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">"Note sur 20 : "</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38">note = </span><span class="rvts40">float</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)</span><br/><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note > 20.0 </span><span class="rvts46">or</span><span class="rvts38"> note < 0.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Note invalide !")</span><br/><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note >= 10.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("J'ai la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note == 20.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note == 20.0) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("C'est même excellent !")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">else</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("C'est en dessous de la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note == 0.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note == 0.0) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("... lamentable !")</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin du programme")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> et tester</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer des documents d'aide PDF facilement</a></p>
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<a href="Lesbouclesinstructionsforwhile.html">Les boucles (instructions for, while)</a> ››
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<p></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Syntaxe</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">for</span><span class="rvts38"> élément </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> séquence :</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># suite du programme</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Les éléments de la séquence sont issus d'une chaîne de caractères ou bien d'une liste.</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Exemple avec une séquence de caractères</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle4.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">'Bonsoir'</span><br/><span class="rvts46">for</span><span class="rvts38"> lettre </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> chaine: </span><span class="rvts39"># lettre est la variable d'itération</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(lettre)</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin de la boucle")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">La variable </span><span class="rvts17">lettre</span><span class="rvts11"> est initialisée avec le premier élément de la séquence (</span><span class="rvts66">'</span><span class="rvts17">B</span><span class="rvts66">'</span><span class="rvts11">).</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Le bloc d'instructions est alors exécuté.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Puis la variable </span><span class="rvts17">lettre</span><span class="rvts11"> est mise à jour avec le second élément de la séquence (</span><span class="rvts66">'</span><span class="rvts17">o</span><span class="rvts66">'</span><span class="rvts11">) et le bloc d'instructions à nouveau exécuté...</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Le bloc d'instructions est exécuté une dernière fois lorsqu'on arrive au dernier élément de la séquence (</span><span class="rvts66">'</span><span class="rvts17">r</span><span class="rvts66">'</span><span class="rvts11">) :</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Exemple avec les éléments d'une liste</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle5.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">maliste = [</span><span class="rvts52">'Pierre'</span><span class="rvts38">, 67.5, 18]</span><br/><span class="rvts46">for</span><span class="rvts38"> element </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> maliste:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(element)</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin de la boucle")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> et tester</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Là, on affiche dans l'ordre les éléments de la liste :</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Fonction </span></span><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts80">range()</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">L'association avec la fonction </span><span class="rvts17">range()</span><span class="rvts11"> est très utile pour créer des séquences automatiques de nombres entiers :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle6.py</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">list</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">range</span><span class="rvts38">(1,5)))</span><br/><span class="rvts46">for</span><span class="rvts38"> i </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">range</span><span class="rvts38">(1,5):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(i)</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin de la boucle")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><br/><span class="rvts41">[1, 2, 3, 4]</span><br/><span class="rvts41">1</span><br/><span class="rvts41">2</span><br/><span class="rvts41">3</span><br/><span class="rvts41">4</span><br/><span class="rvts41">Fin de la boucle</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Table de multiplication</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">La création d'une table de multiplication paraît plus simple avec une boucle </span><span class="rvts17">for</span><span class="rvts11"> qu'avec une boucle </span><span class="rvts17">while</span><span class="rvts11"> :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle7.py</span><br/><span class="rvts46">for</span><span class="rvts38"> compteur </span><span class="rvts46">in</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">range</span><span class="rvts38">(1,11):</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(compteur, </span><span class="rvts52">'* 9 ='</span><span class="rvts38">, compteur*9)</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Et voilà !")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> </span></p>
|
||||
<h3 class="rvps12"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts74">L'instruction </span></span><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts81">break</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">L'instruction </span><span class="rvts17">break</span><span class="rvts11"> provoque une sortie immédiate d'une boucle </span><span class="rvts17">while</span><span class="rvts11"> ou d'une boucle </span><span class="rvts17">for</span><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Dans l'exemple suivant, l'expression </span><span class="rvts17">True</span><span class="rvts11"> est toujours ... vraie : on a une boucle sans fin.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">L'instruction </span><span class="rvts17">break</span><span class="rvts11"> est donc le seul moyen de sortir de la boucle.</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Affichage de l'heure courante</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle8.py</span><br/><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> time </span><span class="rvts39"># importation du module time</span><br/><span class="rvts46">while</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">True</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># strftime() est une fonction du module time</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">'Heure courante '</span><span class="rvts38">, time.strftime(</span><span class="rvts52">'%H:%M:%S'</span><span class="rvts38">))</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> quitter = input(</span><span class="rvts52">'Voulez-vous quitter le programme (o/n) ? '</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> quitter == </span><span class="rvts52">'o'</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">break</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("A bientôt")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> et tester</span></p>
|
||||
<h3 class="rvps12"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts74">Astuce</span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Si vous connaissez le nombre de boucles à effectuer, utiliser une boucle </span><span class="rvts17">for</span><span class="rvts11">.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Autrement, utiliser une boucle </span><span class="rvts17">while </span><span class="rvts11">(notamment pour faire des boucles sans fin).</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentation complet</a></p>
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<a href="Lesconditionsinstructionsifelife.html">Les conditions (instructions if, elif, else)</a> ››
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<h3 class="rvps12"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement30.png"></h3>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Syntaxe</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> expression: </span><span class="rvts39"># ne pas oublier le signe de ponctuation ':'</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions </span><span class="rvts39"># attention à l'indentation</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># suite du programme</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Si l'expression est vraie (</span><span class="rvts12">True</span><span class="rvts11">) alors le bloc d'instructions est exécuté.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Si l'expression est fausse (</span><span class="rvts12">False</span><span class="rvts11">) on passe directement à la suite du programme.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Nous allons commencer par créer le script </span><span class="rvts17">Condition1.py</span><span class="rvts11"> :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement23.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Condition1.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">chaine = </span><span class="rvts40">input</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">"Note sur 20 : "</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts38">note = </span><span class="rvts40">float</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine)</span><br/><span class="rvts46">if</span><span class="rvts38"> note >= 10.0:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté si l'expression (note >= 10.0) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("J'ai la moyenne")</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin du programme")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Pour exécuter le script :</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Cliquer sur exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> (ou touche Ctrl + F9) et tester.</span></p>
|
||||
<h3 class="rvps12"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts74"><br/></span></span></h3>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer facilement des fichiers Qt Help</a></p>
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
<a href="Lesbouclesinstructionsforwhile.html">Les boucles (instructions for, while)</a> ››
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|
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<h3 class="rvps12"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement29.png"></h3>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Syntaxe</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts46">while</span><span class="rvts38"> expression: </span><span class="rvts39"># ne pas oublier le signe de ponctuation ':'</span><br/><span class="rvts75"> </span><span class="rvts38">bloc d'instructions </span><span class="rvts39"># attention à l'indentation</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># suite du programme</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Si l'expression est vraie (</span><span class="rvts76">True</span><span class="rvts49">) le bloc d'instructions est exécuté, puis l'expression est à nouveau évaluée.</span><br/><span class="rvts49">Le cycle continue jusqu'à ce que l'expression soit fausse (</span><span class="rvts76">False</span><span class="rvts49">) : on passe alors à la suite du programme.</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Exemple : un script qui compte de 1 à 4</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle1.py</span><br/><span class="rvts39"># initialisation de la variable de comptage</span><br/><span class="rvts38">compteur = 1</span><br/><span class="rvts46">while</span><span class="rvts38"> compteur < 5:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté tant que la condition (compteur < 5) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(compteur, compteur < 5)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> compteur += 1 </span><span class="rvts39"># incrémentation du compteur, compteur = compteur + 1</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(compteur < 5)</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Fin de la boucle")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> </span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Table de multiplication par 8</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle2.py</span><br/><span class="rvts38">compteur = 1 </span><span class="rvts39"># initialisation de la variable de comptage</span><br/><span class="rvts46">while</span><span class="rvts38"> compteur <= 10:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté tant que la condition (compteur <= 10) est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(compteur, </span><span class="rvts52">'* 8 ='</span><span class="rvts38">, compteur*8)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> compteur += 1 </span><span class="rvts39"># incrémentation du compteur, compteur = compteur + 1</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("Et voilà !")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> </span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts59">Affichage de l'heure courante</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts39"># script Boucle3.py</span><br/><span class="rvts46">import</span><span class="rvts38"> time </span><span class="rvts39"># importation du module time</span><br/><span class="rvts38">quitter = </span><span class="rvts52">'n'</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># initialisation</span><br/><span class="rvts46">while</span><span class="rvts38"> quitter != </span><span class="rvts52">'o'</span><span class="rvts38">:</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ce bloc est exécuté tant que la condition est vraie</span><br/><span class="rvts39"> # strftime() est une fonction du module time</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts52">'Heure courante '</span><span class="rvts38">, time.strftime(</span><span class="rvts52">'%H:%M:%S'</span><span class="rvts38">))</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> quitter = input(</span><span class="rvts52">"Voulez-vous quitter le programme (o/n) ? "</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts52">("A bientôt")</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts52">Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> et tester</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/creer-des-livres-numeriques-epub">Produire des livres EPub gratuitement</a></p>
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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<a href="Variablestypesetoperateurs.html">Variables, types et opérateurs</a> ››
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts19">Identificateur:</span></p>
|
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Le nom d'une variable s'écrit avec</span><span class="rvts12"> </span><span class="rvts11">des</span><span class="rvts12"> lettres (non accentuées)</span><span class="rvts11">, des </span><span class="rvts12">chiffres</span><span class="rvts11"> ou bien </span><span class="rvts12">l'underscore</span><span class="rvts11"> _</span></p>
|
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Le nom d'une variable </span><span class="rvts12">ne doit pas commencer par un chiffre</span><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">En langage Python, l'usage est de ne pas utiliser de lettres majuscules pour nommer les variables (celles-ci sont réservées pour nommer les classes).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Il est préférable d'utiliser des noms évocateurs</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Exemple : age, mon_age, temperature1</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">A éviter : </span><span class="rvts27">Age, AGE, MonAge, monAge, Temperature1</span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Éditeur de documentation CHM facile</a></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">La </span><span class="rvts88">portée d'une variable</span><span class="rvts49"> est l'endroit du programme où on peut accéder à la variable.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">Observons le script suivant :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">a = 10 </span><span class="rvts39"># variable globale au programme</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">mafonction</span><span class="rvts38">():</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> a = 20 </span><span class="rvts39"># variable locale à la fonction</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(a)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(a) </span><span class="rvts39"># nous sommmes dans l'espace global du programme</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> mafonction() </span><span class="rvts39"># nous sommes dans l'espace local de la fonction</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(a) </span><span class="rvts39"># de retour dans l'espace global</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Nous avons deux variables différentes qui portent le même nom </span><span class="rvts17">a</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Une variable </span><span class="rvts17">a</span><span class="rvts11"> de valeur 20 est créée dans la fonction : c'est une </span><span class="rvts43">variable locale</span><span class="rvts11"> à la fonction.</span><br/><span class="rvts11">Elle est détruite dès que l'on sort de la fonction.</span></p>
|
||||
<h4 class="rvps13"><span class="rvts0"><span class="rvts80">global</span></span></h4>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts49">L'instruction </span><span class="rvts76">global</span><span class="rvts49"> rend une variable globale :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts38">a = 10 </span><span class="rvts39"># variable globale</span><br/><span class="rvts46">def</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts41">mafonction</span><span class="rvts38">():</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">global</span><span class="rvts38"> a </span><span class="rvts39"># la variable est maintenant globale</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> a = 20</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(a)</span><br/><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts46">return</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(a)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> mafonction()</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(a)</span><br/><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts11">Remarque : il est préférable d'éviter l'utilisation de l'instruction </span><span class="rvts17">global</span><span class="rvts11"> car c'est une source d'erreurs (on peut ainsi modifier le contenu d'une variable globale en croyant agir sur une variable locale).</span><br/><span class="rvts11">La sagesse recommande donc de suivre la règle suivante :</span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: square;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">ne jamais affecter dans un bloc de code local une variable de même nom qu'une variable globale</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/outils-creation-aide">Environnement de création d'aide complet</a></p>
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<p class="rvps2"><img width="157" height="157" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement10.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Le langage Python est un </span><span class="rvts12">langage de programmation objet interprété</span><span class="rvts11">. Il a été développé par </span><span class="rvts12">Guido Von Rossum </span><span class="rvts11">à partir de</span><span class="rvts12"> 1989</span><span class="rvts11"> à l’Université d’Amsterdam.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement11.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Python est un langage </span><span class="rvts12">multiplateforme</span><span class="rvts11">, c'est-à-dire disponible sur plusieurs architectures (compatible PC, tablettes, smartphones, ordinateur low cost Raspberry Pi...) et systèmes d'exploitation (Windows, Linux, Mac, Android...).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Le langage Python est gratuit, sous </span><span class="rvts12">licence libre</span><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">C'est un des langages informatiques les plus populaires avec C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Java, PHP, JavaScript, Delphi, Visual Basic, Ruby et Perl (</span><a class="rvts14" href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index//" target="_blank">liste non exhaustive</a><span class="rvts11">).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Actuellement, Python en est à sa version 3 depuis 2008.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Attention : Python 2 n'est pas compatible avec Python 3 !</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts13">Que peut-on faire avec Python ?</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Beaucoup de choses !</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">du calcul scientifique (librairie </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://www.numpy.org/" target="_blank">NumPy</a><span class="rvts11">)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">des graphiques (librairie </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://matplotlib.org/" target="_blank">matplotlib</a><span class="rvts11">)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">du traitement du son, de la synthèse vocale (librairie eSpeak)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">du traitement d'image (librairie </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/" target="_blank">PIL</a><span class="rvts11">), de la vision artificielle par caméra (framework </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://simplecv.org/" target="_blank">SimpleCV</a><span class="rvts11">)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">de la bio-informatique (librairie </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://biopython.org/" target="_blank">Biopython</a><span class="rvts11">)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">des applications avec interface graphique GUI (librairies </span><span class="rvts14">Tkinter</span><span class="rvts11">, </span><a class="rvts14" href="https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro" target="_blank">PyQt</a><span class="rvts11">, </span><a class="rvts14" href="https://www.wxpython.org/" target="_blank">wxPython</a><span class="rvts11">, </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://www.pygtk.org/" target="_blank">PyGTK</a><span class="rvts11">...)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">des jeux vidéo en 2D (librairie </span><span class="rvts14">Pygame</span><span class="rvts11">)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">des applications multi-touch (framework </span><a class="rvts14" href="https://kivy.org/#home" target="_blank">kivy</a><span class="rvts11"> pour tablette et smartphone à écran tactile)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">des applications Web (serveur Web </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://www.zope.org/en/latest/" target="_blank">Zope</a><span class="rvts11"> ; frameworks Web </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" target="_blank">Flask</a><span class="rvts11">, </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://www.django-fr.org/" target="_blank">Django</a><span class="rvts11">)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">interfacer des systèmes de gestion de base de données (librairie </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://mysql-python.sourceforge.net/MySQLdb.html" target="_blank">MySQLdb</a><span class="rvts11">...)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">des applications réseau (framework </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://twistedmatrix.com/trac" target="_blank">Twisted</a><span class="rvts11">)</span></li>
|
||||
<li class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">communiquer avec des ports série (librairie </span><a class="rvts14" href="http://pyserial.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">PySerial</a><span class="rvts11">), en Bluetooth (librairie </span><a class="rvts14" href="https://code.google.com/archive/p/pybluez/" target="_blank">pybluez</a><span class="rvts11">)...</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">...</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Des dizaines de milliers de librairies sont disponibles sur le dépôt officiel </span><a class="rvts14" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi" target="_blank">PyPI</a><span class="rvts11">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur de documentation et EPub facile</a></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Python est un langage de programmation </span><span class="rvts62">orienté objet</span><span class="rvts54"> (comme les langages C++, Java, PHP, Ruby...).</span><br/><span class="rvts54">Une variable est en fait un </span><span class="rvts62">objet</span><span class="rvts54"> d'une certaine </span><span class="rvts62">classe</span><span class="rvts54">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts21">Tous les types du langage python sont également des objets.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Par exemple, la variable </span><span class="rvts61">amis</span><span class="rvts54"> est un objet de la classe </span><span class="rvts61">list</span><span class="rvts54">.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">On dit aussi que la variable </span><span class="rvts61">amis</span><span class="rvts54"> est une </span><span class="rvts62">instance</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts61">list</span><span class="rvts54">.</span><br/><span class="rvts54">L'</span><span class="rvts62">instanciation</span><span class="rvts54"> (action d'instancier) est la création d'un objet à partir d'une classe.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># instanciation de l'objet amis de la classe list</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis = [</span><span class="rvts52">'Nicolas'</span><span class="rvts38">, </span><span class="rvts52">'Julie'</span><span class="rvts38">] </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : amis = list(['Nicolas', 'Julie'])</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(</span><span class="rvts40">type</span><span class="rvts38">(amis)) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">Une classe possède des fonctions que l'on appelle </span><span class="rvts62">méthodes</span><span class="rvts54"> et des données que l'on appelle </span><span class="rvts62">attributs</span><span class="rvts54">.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La méthode </span><span class="rvts55">append()</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts55">list</span><span class="rvts33"> </span><span class="rvts54">ajoute un nouvel élément en fin de liste :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># instanciation d'une liste vide</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis = [] </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : amis = list()</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts52">'Nicolas'</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><span class="rvts39"># synthase générale : objet.méthode(arguments)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts52">'Julie'</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : amis = amis + ['Julie']</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.append(</span><span class="rvts52">'Pauline'</span><span class="rvts38">)</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.sort() </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode sort() trie les éléments</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> amis.reverse() </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode reverse() inverse la liste des éléments</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(amis) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La méthode </span><span class="rvts55">lower()</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts55">str</span><span class="rvts54"> retourne la chaîne de caractères en casse minuscule :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># la variable chaine est une instance de la classe str</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine = </span><span class="rvts52">"BONJOUR"</span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ou bien : chaine = str("BONJOUR")</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> chaine2 = chaine.lower() </span><span class="rvts39"># on applique la méthode lower() à l'objet chaine</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine2) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(chaine) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps7"><span class="rvts54">La méthode </span><span class="rvts55">pop()</span><span class="rvts54"> de la classe </span><span class="rvts55">dict</span><span class="rvts54"> supprime une clé :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># instanciation de l'objet moyennes de la classe dict</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> moyennes = {</span><span class="rvts52">'sport'</span><span class="rvts38">: 11.0, </span><span class="rvts52">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts38">: 14.3, </span><span class="rvts52">'math'</span><span class="rvts38">: 12.5}</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts39"># ou : moyennes = dict({'sport': 11.0, 'anglais': 14.3, 'math': 12.5})</span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> moyennes.pop(</span><span class="rvts52">'anglais'</span><span class="rvts38">) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><br/><span class="rvts41"></span><br/><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes) </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes.keys()) </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode keys() retourne la liste des clés </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps8"><span class="rvts37">>>></span><span class="rvts38"> </span><span class="rvts40">print</span><span class="rvts38">(moyennes.values()) </span><span class="rvts39"># la méthode values() retourne la liste des valeurs </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr">Générateur d'aides CHM gratuit</a></p>
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<p></p>
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts17">Scripts</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Un programme (code source) est une séquence d'instructions.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Dans le cas d'un programme en langage Python, on parle souvent de script Python.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Un script se présente sous la forme d'un fichier texte avec l'extension .py</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Voici un exemple de script Python :</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><a class="rvts14" href="Bonjour.py">Bonjour.py</a></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Télécharger le et copier le dans votre dossier de travail</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Le code source d'un script s'ouvre avec un éditeur de texte</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement2.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Démarrer l'IDLE Edupython </span><img width="37" height="38" alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement133.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">L'IDLE muni d'un interpréteur permettra d'exécuter le script.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Ouvrir le script depuis Edupython. </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Une fois chargé, 2 solutions s'offrent à vous pour l'exécuter:</span></p>
|
||||
<ol style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: decimal;">
|
||||
<li value="1" class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Soit vous cliquez sur l'icône Exécuter </span><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement7.png"><span class="rvts11"> ou (Ctrl + F9)</span></li>
|
||||
<li value="2" class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">Soit vous appelez le script dans la Console Python (interpréteur Python en mode interactif) </span></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement150.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement1.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
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<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/outils-creation-aide">Environnement de création d'aide complet</a></p>
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<body>
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||||
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<div id="topic_header">
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<div id="topic_header_content">
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||||
<h1 id="topic_header_text">Variables, types et opérateurs</h1>
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||||
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</div>
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<div id="topic_header_nav">
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<a href="Scripts.html"><img src="img/arrow_left.png" alt="Previous"/></a>
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<div id="topic_content">
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<p></p>
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||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts22">Notion de variables</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts21"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts21">Lorsque l’on écrit un programme informatique, on va manipuler des données comme des nombres entiers, des nombres à virgules, des chaînes de caractères.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts21"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts21">Pour pouvoir manipuler facilement toutes ces données, on va les mémoriser, les stocker dans des </span><span class="rvts23">variables</span><span class="rvts21">, ce qui revient à les « ranger dans une boîte » et on va leur donner un nom, « coller une étiquette dessus ».</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement147.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts21"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts21">Le processeur sait très bien utiliser ces « boites » mémoires (c’est même son travail principal).</span></p>
|
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts20"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts12">Déclarer une variable</span><span class="rvts11"> permet de réserver un espace mémoire volatile (cache, vive) dans lequel il est possible de </span><span class="rvts12">stocker</span><span class="rvts11"> une valeur (une donnée), pour la </span><span class="rvts12">réutiliser</span><span class="rvts11"> ou la </span><span class="rvts12">modifier</span><span class="rvts11"> plus tard.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts23"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts21">L’instruction d'</span><span class="rvts23">affectation</span><span class="rvts21"> est l’action </span><span class="rvts23">d'associer une valeur</span><span class="rvts21"> à cette variable.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11">En Python une affectation est effectuée avec le signe « </span><span class="rvts12">=</span><span class="rvts11"> », la variable étant écrite en premier et le contenu qu’elle doit prendre étant écrit en deuxième.</span></p>
|
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<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
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||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts24">Exemple:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps6"><span class="rvts11">x = 5</span><span class="rvts11"> </span><span class="rvts11"> </span><span class="rvts11">#On affecte à la variable nommée x la valeur 5</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><img alt="" style="padding : 1px;" src="lib/NouvelElement146.png"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts11"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts26">Remarque:</span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps5"><span class="rvts25">Une affectation dans une variable peut faire appel à la variable elle-même.</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts25">Par exemple a = a + 1 peut se traduire par : la variable a prend la valeur (actuelle) de a , + 1.</span></p>
|
||||
<ul style="text-indent: 0px; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 0 24px; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc;">
|
||||
<li class="rvps5"><span class="rvts25">En informatique, « a = b » ne veut pas dire la même chose que « b = a ».</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p class="rvps5"><span class="rvts6"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts6"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps2"><span class="rvts6"><br/></span></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p class="rvps4" style="clear: both;"><span class="rvts15">Créé avec HelpNDoc Personal Edition: </span><a class="rvts16" href="https://www.helpndoc.com/fr/tour-des-fonctionnalites">Créer des livres électroniques facilement</a></p>
|
||||
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||||
</div>
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||||
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||||
<div id="topic_footer">
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<div id="topic_footer_content">
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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#popupMenu {
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